President Bill Clinton's Impeachment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

President Bill Clinton's Impeachment - Essay Example Jones to his hotel room and started to make a sexual advancement towards her. Ms. Jones refused to have sex with him (Linder). Included in the least of potential witnesses for Ms. Jones case against President Bill Clinton was a woman by the name Monica Lewinsky. Monica Lewinsky had worked in the White House in the year 1995 and was an intern. Linda Trip, who then was a former employee at the White House, provided Lewinsky’s information. Ms. Trip was a confidante of Ms. Lewinsky, and she had managed to record some of the conversations that she had heard with Ms. Lewinsky without the knowledge of Ms. Lewinsky. The conversations that were recorded were mainly about her contacts with the president. On 12th January of 1998, Ms. Trip provided the tapes of her secret conversations that she had had with Ms. Lewinsky to Kenneth W. Starr who was an Independent Counsel that was pointed to carry out an investigation Whitewater Estate that belonged to Mr. and Mrs. Clinton. On 15th January, Starr secured an approval from Janet Reno, who was the then Attorney General. Janet Reno requested and received an order the Court of Appeals. The request was to expand the scope of the Whitewater prove and introduce new accusations. The next day, there was a meeting between Ms. Tripp and Ms. Lewinsky at a hotel, and federal agents secretly recorded the conversation. The federal agents later confronted Ms. Lewinsky claiming that she had committed perjury and further demanded that she should cooperate in providing evidence against the then president. Ms. Lewinsky at first denied them her cooperation and claimed that much of what she had told Ms. Tripp was not the truth about the events. July of 1998, this was after Ms. Lewinsky had been granted sweeping Immunity from the prosecution by Starr, who was the special prosecutor in the case. Under these new circumstances, Ms. Lewinsky confessed to having had a sexual relationship with President Bill Clinton, which did not include

Goddesses of the Middle East Essay Example for Free

Goddesses of the Middle East Essay The mythical legends surrounding the Goddesses of the Middle East date back to around 2500 B. C and form a part of some of the earliest recorded literature about ancient civilizations. These legends centre around the Divine Entities worshipped and revered in various sub regions in what was once known as the Ancient Near East but today is known as the Middle East. Though the religious beliefs in these regions were distinctive and each Civilization followed their own Gods and Goddesses most of these divine entities reacted to human conditions and were a product of the cultures that created them. As these cultures evolved over time, so did the Gods and Goddesses who protected and created them. Some of the prominent religions and civilizations who’s Divine Entities were revered and worshipped in the region known as the Ancient Near East includes: (Gordon 1965) †¢ Assyro-Babylonian religion followed in most of Mesopotamia include Sumer, Assyria, Akkad †¢ Ancient Egyptian religion followed in Ancient Egypt †¢ Canaanite religion followed in most of the Levant region including Canaan, Ugarit, Ebla, Mitanni †¢ Hittite, and Hurrian Religions originating in Anatolia and followed by the Hittite Empire including Assuwa, Arzawa †¢ Minoan religion followed by the Minoan civilization including Cyprus and Crete among others. The goddess in early classical mythology has traditionally played the role of a creator. She is believed to have existed before everything and has been credited with creating both heaven and earth as well as giving birth to both other gods and subsequently to human beings. In nearly all early civilizations the Goddess symbolized noble and basic concepts such as birth, death, honour, and justice. She was revered for her divine beauty and also for protecting her husband and children. While the male gods were relegated the duties of guarding the underworld, it was the goddesses who were given the responsibilities of providing comfort and standing guard over the dead until they were given a funeral and send to the underworld. Most of the civilizations depicted above sprung up around great rivers in the Middle east including, the Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, and Ganges. The presence of these rivers nourished a rich agricultural landscape and provided sustenance to agricultural gave civilizations which were predominantly matriarchal societies. (Sasson 1995) These civilizations were heavily influenced by both the blessings and ravages of nature. The rivers that they depended upon for sustenance would both give them abundant crops and wreck immense havoc and destruction in the form of devastating floods. People in these civilizations believed that there was a link between their lives and the pattern of birth –maturity death and re-birth that they observed in the plants and animals around them. The religious beliefs of most of these civilizations compelled them to worship or hold sacred what they thought provided them life and sustenance and also protected them from ravages and destruction the importance of goddesses in the myths and religious beliefs of these civilizations reflected this. The myths and legendary tales of powerful beautiful goddesses who had magical powers and controlled the various forces of nature helped t the people of these ancient civilizations understand the mysteries that pervaded their existence, birth, death, seasons, floods, harvests and drought all made so much more sense when they believed that there was a Supreme or Divine Deity who controlled it all and who they could appease through worship and prayer. In most of these matriarchal societies, this supreme deity was the Great Mother Goddess, who personified all the blessings and peculiarities of Mother Earth. Though there are countless Goddesses who were revered and worshiped in the ancient civilizations of the Middle East the most popular and common ones who were personified in the role of being creators, sustainers and the universal source of nourishment include(Christ 1998) Asherah –This is one of the names of the Sacred Goddess worshiped by the ancient Semitic Civilizations. Other names of this Great Goddess include Goddess of the Tree of Life, Goddess of the Grove. Wet-nurse of the gods. among many others This Goddess worshiped widely in Canaanite religion followed in most of the Levant region was symbolized by a multi branched tree and considered the very force of life that could be found in flocks of cattle and among groves of trees. This Goddess was often worshipped before childbirth and at planting time to grant sustenance. In popular mythology Asherah sometimes appears as curly-haired Goddess riding a sacred lion often holding lilies. Ishtar: Another very famous and popular Babylonian Goddess often known as Light of the World. Righteous judge, Forgiver of Sins and the Framer of all decrees are also few of her other roles and names that she was worshipped by. This Great Goddess is often depicted in breast-offering pose and is also known as the Mother of the fruitful breast. Inanna – was a very powerful Sumerian Goddess who was believed to provide earth with its source of life-water. Often called the Source of the Earths life blood it was believed by the ancient civilizations that this Goddess filled the wells, rivers and springs of the land with her own blood Isis- a very popular and powerful Goddess worshipped by the Ancient Egyptians Isis is perhaps the most famous of all Ancient Middle Eastern Goddesses. Some sources claim that her name means: She of throne, while other sources imply that her name means: She of flesh. Isis’s was revered for using her powers of magic and healing to help humanity Ashnan – She was the ancient Sumerian Goddess of Grain who controlled agricultural sustenance for the civilizations that worshipped her. Belit-Ilani – Worshipped by the ancient Babylonian this Goddess was often held in esteem as the Mistress of the gods. In popular depictions she is portrayed as a woman bearing baby on her left arm and blessing a child with her left. Anath Worshipped by Canaanites, Amorites, Syrians, Egyptians, Hebrews and the Phoenicians. This Goddess symbolized the strength of Life and was the Queen of Heaven and also the Mistress of all the Gods. Anatu – She was the Great Mesopotamian Goddess, often considered the Ruler of the Earth and Queen of the Sky. Chaabou – was held in high reverence by the Semitic religion and relegated as Earth Mother responsible for sustenance and nourishment. Achamoth – Worshipped by the Early Gnostic Christians. She was the Mother Goddess, who was responsible for giving birth and was the effective creator of the material universe, Deborah – was the Sacred Goddess worshiped frequently in the Mycenae and Anatolia regions often identified with the Tree of Life. Erua – was the Babylonian Goddess often revered as the Queen of Heaven. She was responsible for controlling the birth of all creatures big and small in her land. Gula – was another popular Babylonian Great Goddess who was also known as the Fate Goddess and the Great Doctor who was believed to cure any kind of sickness or ailment . Lahmu- a famous Goddess in Akkadian mythology, who is considered to be the mother of Anshar and Kishar, who are credited to have fathered the first Gods of that great ancient civilization. Persian mythology which also plays a part of ancient Middle Eastern Mythology also held the Goddess. Rudaba† in great esteem. This Goddess gave birth to Rostam, the greatest hero in Persian mythology. Derceto –was the Babylonian Sea Goddess also known as the Goddess of Justice. Kadi –was a Babylonian Goddess believed to have the body of a Serpent and the head and breasts of a Woman. Mari –was revered as the Mother Sea, who gave birth to the gods, Shebat was worshipped as the Mesopotamian Moon Goddess responsible for bringing night after day. Tirgata – was revered as Fish Goddess of Syria who controlled the sea and all life within it As these Civilization evolved so did the role of their gods and goddesses. By 2400 B. C religious and devotional practices began to change as aggressive tribes with strong beliefs in worshipping a supreme male god began to invade the matriarchal communities whose supreme diets were Goddesses . New myths developed in which these goddesses were made evil, slain or made inferior to the patriarchal god of the conquerors. The goal in creating these myths was to defame and to dethrone the goddess from her traditional role of Creator and sustainers and to give this role to a new generation of patriarchal warrior Gods who ruled the world through valour and heroic endeavour. As a direct consequence the role of the Goddess in the Patriarchal societies underwent a change from being a loving supreme deity to a vengeful, spiteful Entity who had to be either slain or made subordinate to the male gods in order to control her powers. Many Ancient Babylonian and Mesopotamian Goddesses who were once revered as the Source of Life and Sustenance was discredited slain or made subordinate to a new patriarchal male warrior God. (Christ 1998) One example of how ancient myths of Goddesses changed in patriarchal societies is the legend of the Mesopotamian divinity Tiamat. Revered by the ancient Sumero-Babylonian civilization as a Serpent Goddess of the Watery Abyss a Mother, from whose formless body the Universe was born. She was believed to nourish all life and rule the ocean. Tiamat, in her role as Mother Goddess and Mother Earth, reflected the matriarchal civilization that created her. (Christ 1998) In a patriarchal society the role of Tiamat and the legend surrounding her changes drastically. According to these new myths The Goddess once credited with the creation of the Universe is upset when her husband Appu is slain and decides to destroy what she has created. She gives birth to a race of evil monsters to help in her quest. Together the Goddess and her army of monsters wreck chaos and havoc on all around them. There is no one who can stop Tiamat until Marduk accepts the challenge. In violent battle, Marduk manages to wedge open the mouth of the serpent goddess and fill it with winds of a horrible storm. While the serpent goddess is distracted he slains her by cutting her womb. After killing the Goddess the patriarch warrior feels glorified. He then desecrates the womb that previous mythologies and civilizations revered as the Source of All Life. The myth ends by establishing that the supreme deity is now male and that he and his cohorts of warrior Gods will now be responsible for protecting the civilization. In a patriarchal society the role of the God is relegated from giving birth and nurturing traditionally seen as motherly tasks to being the protector traditionally seen as fatherly tasks The roles of the goddesses in these societies were reduced to subservient status In the new patriarchal civilization, the myths regarding the Goddesses were recreated and often retold till they achieved credibility and became part of a new folklore designed to promote the religion of the new civilization. In this fashion countless legendary myths depicting the creative, nurturing and forgiving nature of the female goddesses were desecrated and in their place grew new myths propounding their evil deeds. In many of these myths the goddess is first discredited and then engaged in battle with the patriarch God. At the end the Patriarch God achieves victory over the Goddess and she is either slain or looses her powers. Another myth which was refashioned along these lines was that of Hathor an Ancient Egyptian Goddess. Hathor, in Ancient Egyptian mythology was revered as the goddess responsible for evoking emotions such as joy, love, dance and song. (Christ 1998) She is fabled to have provided her own nurturing milk to the living and also carried the dead to the underworld. But somewhere in mythology the Hathor who is revered for her very instincts of Love and joy is also painted as a demon that wrecks death and destruction on Humanity. Acting on the directives of the sun god, Ra, who was under the impression that some of his subjects were planning to Kill him Hathor was sent on a mission to destroy the plotters Hathor who also manifested herself in the guise of a lioness known as Sekhmet, attacked all the plotters killing them instantly. Ra was forced to intervene to stop the bloodshed by tricking Sekhmet into believing that she had killed a lot of people so by pouring a massive amount of pomegranate coloured liquid over the battlefield . Sekhmet mistook the liquid for blood stopped the slaughter and transformed back into her goddess form of Hathor. It is ironic in the least to observe that in cultures where the feminine spirit has always been seen as nurturing, loving and creative the role of goddesses of mythology is associated with evil deeds. Perhaps these mythologies have been restructured to assimilate in Patriarchal Societies where the god is associated with social order and discipline. But regardless of their role in mythology many famous Goddesses of the Middle East continue to live in popular imaginations even though the religions and cults associated with them have now been banished. Though the Middle East is now home to new religions such as Christianity Judaism and Islam and the age of idol worship and plural Gods is over, these deities have become part of the common folklore. The Worship of these Goddesses may now be defunct but their legend lives on and continues to pervade subsequent cultural practices in these regions. Works Cited Gordon, Cyrus. The Ancient Near East, 3rd Edition, Revised. W. W. Norton and Company, Inc. , New York, 1965. Christ Carol: Rebirth of the Goddess: Finding Meaning in Feminist Spirituality Routledge; 1st edition 1998 James. E. O. The Ancient Gods: The History and Diffusion of Religion in the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean, 1960. Sasson Jack: Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1995. Morton Smith, The Common Theology of the Ancient near East, Journal of Biblical Literature 1952.

The History Of Nike Inc Footwear Marketing Essay

The History Of Nike Inc Footwear Marketing Essay Nike Inc., develops and designs footwear, sportswear, apparels and equipment. They make the availability of goods in Nike stores, franchisee stores and online through the website www.nikestore.com . They organize, supports and sponsors main sports around the world as they think sports is the main key for being healthy and they also sponsors high profile athletes so that the people can follow their icons. Nike has a trademark logo Just Do It. Recently, many countries faced recession followed by sharp increase of inflation. Graph 1: Inflation Rate Graph (2002-2012). (Source www.usinflationcalculator.com) Inflation defined as a persistent increase in the level of consumer prices or a persistent decline in the purchasing power of money. In other words, the inflation tells the effect on the people life financially. When they see prices in stores going up they call it inflation. Price inflation is a result of monetary inflation. http://thefaintofheart.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/metamorphosis_11.png Graph 2: Inflation rate graph for Nike. As per the data collected from Indonesian Plant, the Nike shoes Cost $20.00 to the company, $35.00 to retailer and $70.00 to the consumer. The breakdown can be found in the table below. Production labor Materials Rent, equipment Suppliers operating profit Duties Shipping Cost to Nike $2.75 $9.00 $3.00 $1.75 $3.00 $0.50 $20.00 Research and development Promotion and advertising Sales, distribution, admin. Nikes operating profit Cost to retailer $0.25 $4.00 $5.00 $6.23 $35.00 Retailers rent Personnel Other Retailers operating profit Cost to consumer $9.00 $9.50 $7.00 $9.00 $70.00 (Including VAT) Table 1: Nike shoes cost breakdown. (Source http://www-personal.umich.edu/~lormand/poli/nike/nike101-8.htm ) Nike spend approx 12% of revenue on marketing every year that includes advertisement, endorsement fee that it pays to sports league and Team. A) Due to inflation there is less demand of the Product and to overcome the company has different strategies to reduce the cost of the production. As the company has a full time employee so the company will have a fixed cost which they need to give to the employee. Instead of fixed employee they can shift to part time employee and thus reducing the cost. They can also outsource their production to a country with low labor cost. They can also lower their material cost by using cheap materials like polyurethane instead of rubber for the shoe sole. The Company also needs to look into the factors like Fixed and Variable Cost. Fixed Cost basically a minimum quantity of inputs required by the firm to be in a business at all whether or not output is produced and Variable Cost by (Begg, 9th Edition) The Cost of hiring Variables inputs, typically labor and raw materials. If the Fixed cost is more than the variable cost than there would be low level of production but if variable cost is higher than fixed cost than the production of the company increases. Q TFC TVC TC AFC AVC AC MC 0 60 0 60 1 60 10 70 60 10 70 10 2 60 20 80 30 10 40 10 3 60 30 90 20 10 30 10 4 60 40 100 15 10 25 10 5 60 50 110 12 10 22 10 6 60 60 120 10 10 20 10 Table 3: Table for Marginal Cost. By the above chart we can see that MC Graph 3: Graph for TFC and TVC. B) Nike is a globally recognized brand which produces accessories, apparels and shoes for majorly sports and fashion. Nike introduced customization of shoes and focused on each and every group age. The brand already attached to many renowned sports personality like Michael Jordan, Lance Armstrong, Roger Federer and Tiger Woods. The brand had focused on every sport around the world. Income elasticity of demand (IED) examines how the quantity demanded responds to a change in consumer incomes. IED can be calculated as, IED = (% Change in Quantity Demanded) / (% Change in Income), Consider that the original and new income of my product is $100, $200 and Original and new demand is 25, 50 units respectively. IED = ((50 25) / 25) * ((200 100) / 100), = 1 Here we can see that IED is equal to 1 thus it is a normal good and income inelastic. The price elasticity of demand (PED) measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to changes in the price of the good or service. The PED can be calculated as PED = (% Change in Quantity Demanded) / (% Change in Price), For example we can assume the price of shoe rose from $100 to $200, resulting in demand rising from 50 to 55 units. PED = ((55 50) / 50) / ((200 100) / 100), = 0.1 Here PED The Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand (CPED) measures the rate of response of quantity demanded of one good, due to a price change of another good. The CPED can be calculated as CPED = (% Change in Quantity Demand for X) / (% Change in Price for Good Y), If CPED > 0 then they are substitute goods. If CPED =0 then they are independent goods. If CPED (http://economics.about.com/) Nike substitute good is Adidas and they are horizontally integrated. Nike decides to increase the price of Adidas shoes. If the cost of Adidas shoes increases then there would be decrease in the demand of the Adidas shoes and the demand of the Nike shoes will increase as it will cheaper then Adidas. C) Market structure of Nike is that it should be available for every age groups and it will maintain a leading position to its competitors. Nike will make it sure that the goods are available at all stores around the world and it will make sure that it will fulfill the change in demand of the customers. They will also make sure that the quality products are reached to the customers at cheap costs. The main competitors of Nike are Reebok, Adidas and Puma. Reebok http://www.buyerden.com/media/text_img/Reebok_Logo.gif: Reebok main strategy is that to change the peoples mindset about the word fitness and to bring fitness around the world and they want to declare themselves as the world fittest company. They target is to invest more in marketing strategy rather than the infrastructure. Adidas http://preview.thenewsmarket.com/Previews/ADID/StillAssets/197410.jpg: Adidas focuses on marketing its products as they think that products are a selling goods. They spent huge amount of its revenue on marketing their product. They hire famous designers for the designing of the shoes. Puma http://www.roanokestar.com/imgs/home/puma%20logo.gif: Puma targets female group and female dominant region. They fulfill the demand of the customers on the perception of customers image rather than their needs. They also target middle-upper class group through there advertisement and it reflect it on there marketing strategy. Nike has different strategies with respect to his competitors The mission is to provide availability of products at every marketable place and exceed from all leading athletic companies. The company targets to be in a lead by providing quality products and innovative designs for all age groups. The Company guarantees the availability of every kind of products at all leading market and stores. To meet the changing demands of customers. Value the stakeholders, laborers and other communities in the executing of every strategy and decision. The company focuses on providing quality products on low prices to have bigger share in the market. (http://marketingmixx.com/) Graph 5: Profit prediction after the strategy. D) Nike segments its market according to demographic location as they wants their products to be available at every corner of the world as they treat every customers as equal. Nike make sure that the availbility of products for every age groups. They focuses on the sports as they think that sports make the people live their life in the healthy manner. Nike main product is Footwear and they try to innovate and designs their footwear according to sports and age groups. Nike make it sure that the products are available at every market place so that the customer can go and a grasp on a quality Footwear. They also target to provide their footwear with low cost in the country were the economy is low. The company will focus on different pricing strategies to attract customers. Nike will target on marketing through advertisement like television featuring high profile athletes using our product etc. There will be offers for every customer like buying a product will get discount in their next purchase. There will be loyalty cards where the customers can convert their buy into redeemable points. Special offers will be available for students like they can get extra discount into the existing discount if they show there student Identity card. E) Nike focuses on vertical integration to produce their products. The main parts of Nike footwear are upper (top of the shoes), midsole (the cushion of the shoes) and the outsole (lower sole). Nike outsource to different company to build these segments which led to low build cost. The company focuses on both local and global markets. Nike has earned its maximum of its revenue from North America, followed by Europe and a small share from countries like China and Japan. They are now targeting markets like South America, Russia, India and Pakistan for more revenue as there is a gradual rise in the economy of these countries. Due to inflation, there are fewer sales of products and therefore there is low output. Nike has suffered a lot due to that. Due to inflation there is a increase in the cost of material and the transportation of Nike. To Overcome Nike has decided that they will try to increase their product price and decrease their marketing budget. If the company is new to a particular country there is a lot of help provided by the government of the country like the government may exempt the taxes until unless they start making the profits. F) To overcome the foreign exchange losses, the company will invest in a country where currency is cheap. To do so the company needs to look into the big picture of the world economy like investing in the countries like Qatar, China, Argentina, Srilanka, India, Iraq etc as their Gross Domestic Product(GDP) are growing gradually. The gradual growing GDP of these countries ensures that their economy is stable and there are opportunities for the company to invest in these countries. If companies invest in countries like India they will have cheap labor, cheap raw materials as maximum of raw materials are exported from Asian countries, cost of production will go down means increase in profits.

Free Narrative Essay - Our Big Trip to State College :: Personal Narrative Essays

Our Big Trip to State College Overwhelming, there is simply no other way of putting the impact that my first "big trip to State College" had on me. The weekend had the potential to be an explosive one, but I had no idea that it would take the turn it did. We began our trip with a stop at Sheetz, picking up all of the necessary goods, such as gas, beef jerky, and cigarettes. One might be thinking, how can one trip to State College be any different than any other. All that college kids do when they go up to State is drink, dance, and throw-up. Well this particular trip involved my roommate Jason, myself and Jason's best friend Nick's ex-girlfriend. This is where the plot thickens. Jason and I sneaked up to State for the day and neglected to mention to Nick that we were going, due to the fact that we were planning to rendezvous with his ex-girlfriend Nicole. When we arrived in State College we met up with Nicole and a couple of her friends. We proceeded to go to her friends dorm and began playing drinking games prior to t he evening of partying. Needless to say after a couple hours of drinking games we were all a little tipsy, so we then sauntered on over to a Fraternity party, where we continued working on our inebriation. After a long night of partying and fraternizing with hundreds of drunk college kids much like ourselves, we headed back to the dorm in which the whole evening started. And just as any after-school special goes, there was one kid who had just a little too much to drink, and he proceeded to put his hand through a plate glass window. "WHAT THE HELL DID YOU JUST DO?!?!?!" were the first words out of every mouth. So Jason, myself, and Nicole decided to vacate the premises and head back to Altoona, which was both a good and bad idea. It was a good idea because the following morning we found out that the dorm room we were in had got busted and each person in the room received a 300 dollar citation for drinking, and their driver licenses were suspended. Although with the good you have to be prepared for the bad, which was

Family theories Essay

In this answer, I am going to discuss about the conjugal relationship in modern industrial societies. This means I will assess the claim that conjugal relationships are based on equality in modern industrial societies. I plan to structure my answer from housework and childcare, power and money management. The hours worked between husband and wife become more equal by the increased participation by women in the labour market have led to more equality in modern family life. This view is highly supported by many sociologists like Young and Willmott who suggest that the family is becoming more symmetrical and therefore, is in fact becoming more egalitarian via a ‘march of progress. ’ They suggest that the family is gradually improving in terms of equality as there has been a trend away from segregated conjugal roles and more of a shift towards joint ones. This they argue is due to major social changes in that women are more financially dependant with employment opportunities and so there is less of a need to rely on extended kin. This is further explained by Gershuny who suggests that because women have these employment opportunities, they are more likely to do less domestic work. This is shown by the item as it suggests that ‘men were making more of an effort to do housework when their wives were in full-time employment. By this change of position for women, it has meant that men are now more responsible for different household tasks therefore suggesting that equality within modern family life is evident and so this view seems correct. He emphasises the change in social values as a reason for this which is also supported by Sullivan’s study (2000) which found an increase in equal division of labour. This supports Young and Willmott’s ‘march of progress’ view that conjugal roles are becoming more symmetrical; thus suggesting that the view of equal gender roles and relationships is likely. Also, due to post-modern society, there are better living conditions compared to those during industrialisation and so this has drawn the men back into the family and thus has enabled them to help with housework and childcare as well as providing leisure time; enhancing equality in relationships. The social changes have meant that equality is becoming evident and so the statement seems highly likely. However, the functionalist view of equality in modern family life has been highly criticised particularly by feminists like Ann Oakley (1974). Oakley rejects the ‘March of progress’ view described by Young and Willmott as she suggests that this is simply exaggerated as we still live in a patriarchal society where women do most of the housework. She suggested that the methodology used by Young and Willmott was hardly convincing as their questions lacked in detail. In Oakley’s research, she found only 15% of husbands had a high participation in housework, showing how the statement is flawed as this clearly does not show evidence of equality in relationships and gender roles. Despite Gershuny suggesting that paid work entitled equality for women, Oakley suggested that this was only an extension of the housewife role. Therefore, unlike Parsons claim of a ‘natural’ role, feminists argue that this was socially constructed to enforce dependence on men which became worse with industrialisation as it forced women to stay within the home. Thus, it is clear that joint conjugal roles are not as ‘joint’ as functionalists initially suggested they were as the social changes have only exacerbated the role of women suggesting this so called equality does not exist. Besides, other feminists like Elsa Ferri and Kate Smith (1996) suggest that the changed position of women in terms of employment has only created a dual burden as they now have to undertake paid work as well as the unpaid housewife role. Ferri and Smith suggest that unlike Gershuny, increased employment has had little impact of the domestic labour as fewer than 4% of families had a father responsible for childcare. Therefore, women still remain responsible for the children as well as their employment responsibility; clearly suggesting that modern family life is not as equal as it seems. The dual burden is also supported by Dunscombe and Marsden’s theory of a triple burden in that women are expected to do the double shift of housework and paid work but also the caring of the emotional welfare of the family. This clearly disputes Gershuny’s idea that women are more equal due to employment as the triple burden means that they in fact gain more responsibilities than losing them. Next, feminists ‘point to inequalities of power and control that persist in modern family relationships’ as a key reason for inequality; again challenging the statement. Allan suggests that ideological factors limit women’s power in that they are ‘disadvantaged from the start. ’ This suggests that the family is always going to be founded on inequality; thus suggesting that the view of equality is limited. This is supported by Barrett and McIntosh who suggest that men gain far more from women’s domestic work than they give in financial support and that in turn this support often comes with ‘strings’ attached. Also, men are usually the ones who make decisions about finances despite some families being dual-earners. This is due to the fact that women are statistically still paid on average less than men; enhancing male economic power. Therefore you can question the extent of equality in modern family life. Resources are also said to be shared unequally like Kempson’s (1994) study among low-income families. This leaves women in poverty and so restricts their power in the family which creates an atmosphere of inequality in conjugal relationships. This is further explained by feminists Pahl and Vogler (1993) who focused on the effects of decision making within the family through ideas like ‘pooling’ and ‘allowance systems. They found a 31% increase in pooling where both partners have joint decision responsibility as well as a decline in allowance systems. However, it was still evident that men usually made huge financial decisions. Edgell also supports this as the levels of decision making are not equal due to the male economic power that still exists. Therefore, women have less say in the decisions and thus it is obvious that the view that gender roles and relationships are becoming more equal is incorrect as inequality in pay and decisions still exist. Similarly, this inequality of power has led to domestic violence which clearly shows how inequality is evident in that relationships are being gender dominated. Radical feminists like Millett and Firestone (1970) use domestic violence as a way to show that society is primarily founded on patriarchy and that men oppress and exploit women. They suggest that the inequality of power within the family maintains men’s power and so domestic violence is inevitable. Similarly, Dobash and Dobash suggest that marriage legitimises violence against women as it provides the male with power and the women with dependency, therefore evidently showing no signs of equality. Thus, this disputes the statement of gender roles and relationships becoming more equal with 1 in 4 women being assaulted in their lifetime according to Mirrlees-Black. Finally, childcare which is essentially about exercising responsibility for another person who is not fully responsible for herself and it entails seeing to all aspects of the child’s security and well-being, her growth and development at any and all times. Mary Boulton ( 1983 ) argues the exaggeration in the extent of men’s involvement in childcare and she denies that questions about who does what give a true picture of conjugal roles. She also claims that although men might help with particular tasks, it is their wives who retain primary responsibility for children. It is the wives who relegate non-domestic aspects of their lives to a low priority. This shows that there is still inequality in terms of childcare in conjugal relationships. In addition, Elsa Ferri and Kate Smith provide some empirical support for Boulton by conducting a study based on National Child Development Survey. The survey found it was still very rare for fathers to take primary responsibility for childcare. In both the sample of mothers and the sample of fathers it was very rare in dual-earner families, no-earner families or families where only the mother worked, for the man to be normally responsible for the children or to look after them when they were ill. In almost every category the man was the main carer in 4 percent or less of families. This is also supported by the radical feminist idea of ‘gender scripts’ in that there are expected norms in terms of gender roles and so patriarchal relationships are inevitable. Therefore, they suggest that equality without burdens will only be reached through same-sex relationships as this eliminates the ‘gender script’ idea. Thus, this enhances the inequality of the family, and suggests that the view that conjugal relationships are becoming more equal is in fact incorrect as the inevitability of patriarchal relationships means that equality cannot be established. In conclusion, I have discussed and assessed the view that conjugal relationships are based on equality in modern industrial societies by evaluating three sections which are hours worked, power and childcare. With all of the statement, I believe that conjugal relationships in modern industrial societies are not based on equality.

Much Ado About Nothing Key Scenes Essay Example

Much Ado About Nothing Key Scenes Essay Example Much Ado About Nothing Key Scenes Paper Much Ado About Nothing Key Scenes Paper Essay Topic: Burial Rites Much Ado about Nothing Potential passages for my exam * Act 1 Scene 1 Lines 1-70 (opening of the play) * Act 2 Scene 1 Lines 1-60 (Beatrice views on love) * Act 2 Scene 1 Lines 160-257 (Love Benedick and Beatrice) * Act 2 Scene 3 Lines 6-27 and 181-200 (Benedicks speeches on love) * Act 3 Scene 1 Lines 37-end (Gulling of Beatrice) * Act 3 Scene 3 Lines 1-77 (Dogberry+Comedy) * Act 3 Scene 4 Lines 29- end (Beatrice in love) * Act 3 Scene 5 (Dogberry) * Act 4 Scene 1 Lines 1-104 (Shaming of Hero), Lines 105-247 (Plan by Friar Francis) and rest of the scene (Beatrice and Benedick) * Act 5 Scene 1 lines 108-173 Act 5 Scene 1 lines 269-292 * Act 5 Scene 2 Lines 32-end Act 1 Scene 1 Lines 1-70 (opening of the play) What happens during the passage? A messenger brings a letter informing Governor Leonato that Don Pedro and his victorious army will shortly arrive in Messina. The Messenger reports that young Count Claudio has performed great deeds of bravery in the war. Beatrice questions the messenger about Benedick , sarcastically calling him Signor Mountanto. Forced with a barrage of mocking comments about a fellow soldier, the Messenger politely attempts to defend Benedick’s reputation. As Beatrice continues to speak mockingly of Benedick to the Messenger, the prince Don Pedro, and his followers arrive. Quotes from the Passage: â€Å"He hath borne himself beyond the promise if his age, doing in the figure of a lamb, the feats of a lion. † *Means: Claudio did better than you’d expect for someone his age. Looks like a lam but behaved like a lion. â€Å"Signor Mountanto† *Means : Mr cut and thurst (a fencing move) â€Å"As pleasant as he ever was† â€Å"Stuffed with all honorable vitrues† He will hang upon him like a disease†- he is sooner caught than the pestilence† –Benedick will cling to Claudio like a disease, easier to catch then the plague. What happens after this passage? Leonato eloquently welcomes his royal quest and Beatrice begins her taunting with Benedick . Their â€Å"merry war† is renewed and Leonato invites Don Pedro and his followers to stay as quests at his house. Act 2 Scene 1 Lines 1-60 (B eatrice views on love) What happens before this passage? Beatrice describes her ideal man, remarking how poorly Don John and Benedick match up to her requirements. Leonato warns her that such talk will not get her a husband, but Beatrice says she is happy to stay single. Beatrice mockingly advises Hero on when and when not to obey her father in the matter of marriage. She then gives her own views of courtship, weddings and the regrets of life after a hasty marriage. Quotes from this passage: â€Å"He is of a very melancholy disposition† *Means: about Don John, always miserable â€Å"The one is too like a image and says nothing and the other is too like my lady’s eldest son, evermore tattling† *Means: Beatrice comparing Don John and Benedick By my troth, neice, thou wilt never get thee a husband, if thou be so shrewd if thy tongue† *Means: Leonato said that if Beatrice doesn’t stop making such cutting comments she wont get a husband. â€Å"Lord, I could not endure a husband with a beard on his face. † â€Å"He that hath a beard is more than a youth, and he that hath no beard is less than a man and he tha t is more than a youth is not for me and he that is less than a man, I am not for him† *Means: Noone is right for Beatrice â€Å"Not till God make men of some other metal than earth† *Means: Never basically. What happens after this passage? Don Pedro, his friends enter wearing masks. The room fills with people and the masked dancing begins. As they dance each woman uses the opportunity to mock her masked partner. Act 2 Scene 3 Lines 6-27 and 181-200 (Benedicks speeches on love) What happens prior to the passage? Borachio’s plan is that he and Margaret will appear on the night before the wedding at Hero’s bedroom window. They will call one another Hero and Claudio, so deceiving the watching Don Pedro and Claudio. What happens on the page of passage? Bendick muses on men like Claudio who say they will not fall in love and then do so. He lists the many virtues he would require in a future wife. When the prince, Claudio and Leonato approach Benedick Hides. Quotes from the speech: 8-12 â€Å"I do much wonder, that one man seeing how much another man is a fool, when he dedicates his behaviors to love, will after he hath laughed at such shallow follies in others, become the argument of his own scorn, by falling in love: and such a man is Claudio† *Means: â€Å"I think it’s amazing how a man- who has seen how foolish another man makes himself when he gets obsessed about love- will become the exact thing he once criticized and fall in love himself- and that’s the kind of man Claudio is. 13-15 â€Å"I have known when there was no much with him but the drum and the fife and now he had rather hear the talor and the pipe† *Means: â€Å"I remember when he only had ears for military music now its all namby pamby ceremonial music. â€Å" 15-21 â€Å"He was wont to speak plain and to the purpose like an honest man a soldier; and now is he turned orthograph y- his words are a very fantastical banquet just so many strange dishes. May I be so converted and see with these eyes? I cannot tell- I think not- I will not be sworn but love may transform me to an oyster; but I’ll take my oath on it, till he have made an oyster of me, he shall never make me such a fool† *Means: â€Å"He used to speak plainly and clearly like an honest man and solider- now he talks in a flowerly style. Could I be transformed and end up like him? I don’t know- I don’t think so – I couldn’t swear to it- but love could turn me into an oyster but I will make an oath that until love does turn me into an oyster he wont make such a fool out of me. 22-23 â€Å"Till all graces be in one woman, one woman shall not come in my grace† *Means: â€Å"Until one woman combines all good qualities, not one woman will come into my good looks† What happens after this speech and before the next one? Don Pedro, Claudio and Leonato pretend not to notice the hidden Benedick. They prepare to listen to Balthasar’s singing. Benedick is not impresse d by the romantic music. Balthasar is sent by Don Pedro to prepare the music that will be used to serenade Hero at her Chamber window the next night. Don Pedro and the others begin the deception of Benedick, they talk about how Beatrice is madly in love with Benedick, but is too frightened to tell him of her secret passion. They talk about Beatrice’s many fine qualities and express their fear that Benedick will mock her if he learns of her great love for him. The three leave hoping they have completed their deception of Benedick. Don Pedro orders a similar trick to be played on Beatrice by Hero and her maid Ursula. What happens on the page of the passage? Benedick is convinced that Beatrice loves him and resolves to return her affection. When she reluctantly appears to call him to dinner, he looks for some signs of love in her and amazingly finds one. Quotes from the speech: 181 â€Å"This can be no trick the conference was sadly borne† *Means: â€Å"They aren’t kidding, the conversation was too serious. † 183-185 â€Å"Why, it must be requited, I hear how I am censured. They say I will bear myself proudly, if I perceive the love come from her. † *Means: â€Å"She must have my love in return. I heard their criticisms. They say ill be all proud if I see that she loves me. † 92-194 â€Å"I may chance have some odd quirks and remnants of wit broken on me, because I have railed for so long against marriage, but doth not the appetite alter. † *Means: â€Å"People will tease me and make jokes about me because I have criticized marriage for so long, but don’t tastes change? † 195-196 â€Å"Shall quips and sentences and these paper bullets of the brain awe a man from t he career of his humour† *Means: â€Å"Should gags ands wisecracks be allowed to scare a man away from what he really wants to do? † What happens after this passage? Hero begins her plan to trick Beatrice. Margaret is sent to tell Beatrice that Hero and Ursula are in the orchard talking about her. Beatrice steals in to eavesdrop on their conversation. Act 3 Scene 1 Lines 37-end (Gulling of Beatrice) What happens before and on the page of this passage? Scene before Claudio Leonato and Don Pedro tricked Benedick. Hero begins her plan to trick Beatrice. Margaret is sent to tell Beatrice that Hero and Ursula are in the orchard talking about her. Beatrice steals in to eavesdrop on their conversation. Beatrice thinking of herself unobserved listens in on Hero and Ursula’s conversation. They talk of Benedick’s ‘love’ for Beatrice and Hero expresses concern about Beatrice’s proud and scornful nature. Quotes from this passage: 40 â€Å"They did entreat me to acquaint her of it† -HERO *Means: â€Å"they begged me to tell her about it† 53-57 â€Å"Her wit values itself so highly that to her all matter else seems weak† She cannot love nor take no shape nor project of affection she is so self-endeared† -HERO *Means: â€Å"She is so arrogant about her own brains that she thinks everyone else is stupid. She can’t love, or give or receive affection, because she is so full of herself. † 0-70 â€Å" I never yet saw man, how wise, how noble, young, how rarely featured, but she would spell him backward. If fair-faced, she would swear the gentleman should be her sister; if black, why nature, drawing of an antic, made a foul blot; if tall, a lance ill headed; if low, an agate very vilely cut; if speaking, why, a vane blown with all winds; if silent, why, a block moved with none. So turns she every man the wrong side out and never gives to truth and virtue that which simpleness and merit purchaseth. † -HERO *Means: â€Å" I’ve never yet seen a man, not matter how wise, noble young or handsome, who Beatrice hasn’t found fault with. If he’s fair-skinned, she’ll swear the man should be her sister; if he’s tall, he’s an ugly-headed spear; if he’s short, a badly cut gemstone; if he’s talkative shell say he’s like a weather vane, blown by all the winds, and if he’s quiet she’ll say he’s a block. She turns every man inside out and never gives credit where credit’s due. 84-86 â€Å"I’ll devise some honest slanders, to stain my cousin with, one doth not know how much an ill work may empoison liking. † -HERO *Means: â€Å"I’ll think up some lies to make him think worse of Beatrice. You never know how much a word of criticism can change someone’s feelings. † 13-end â€Å"If thou dost love, my kindness shall incite thee to bind our loves up in a holy band; For others say thou dost deserve, and I believe it better than reportingly† –BEATRICE *Means: â€Å"If you love me, ill be nice to you and we c an get married- for others say you are worthy and I think they are right. † What happens after this passage? Don Pedro plans to return to Arragon as soon as Claudio and Hero are married. The prince, Claudio and Leonato feign amazement at Benedick’s lovelorn appearance and behavior. Act 4 Scene 1 Lines 1-104 (Shaming of Hero), Lines 105-247 (Plan by Friar Francis) and rest of the scene (Beatrice and Benedick) What happens before this Scene? Margaret Chatters teasingly to Beatrice about love and Benedick. Ursula returns with the news that the men have arrived to take Hero to the Church. Leonato is busy with the last minute preparations for the wedding. Dogberry and Verges come to inform him of the arrest of Borachio and Conrade, but their ramblings exasperate the impatient Leonato. He cannot wait for Dogberry to get to the point and he instructs Dogberry to conduct the trail, not realizing the significance for himself and his daughter of the crime that has been uncovered. What happens in this passage? The guests assemble for the wedding of Hero and Claudio. As Friar Francis begins the marriage ceremony, Claudio refuses to accept Hero as his bride and hands her back to Leonato. Claudio declares that he will not marry Hero. Leonato assumes that Hero has lost her virginity to Claudio, but Claudio denies this. Don Pedro denounces Hero as a common prostitute. Claudio questions Hero about the man he saw at her window. Hero denies there was any man. Don Pedro and his brother confirm the truth of Claudio’s accusation. Hero faints, and Don John, Don Pedro and Claudio exit. Quotes from this passage: 26-37 â€Å" There, Leonato, take her back again: Give not this rotten orange to your friend- She’s but the sign and semblance of her honour. Behold how like a maid she blushes here! O, What authority and show of truth Can cunning sin cover itself withal! Comes not that blood as modest evidence to witness simple virtue? Would you not swear, all you that see her, that she were a maid, by these exterior shows? But she is none: she knows the heat of a luxurious bed, her blush is guiltiness, not modesty† -CLAUDIO *Means: â€Å" She only has the appearance of honour. Look, she’s blushing like a virgin! Cunning sin disguises itself so convincingly. Isn’t blushing supposed to be proof of chaste innocence? Wouldn’t all you who see her here swear that she’s a virgin, judging by her appearance? She certainly isn’t though- she’s felt the heat of a sinful bed, her blush is sign of guilt not chastity. † 43-48 â€Å"I know what you would say. If I have known her, you will say she did embrace me as a husband, and so extenuate the forehead sin, No Leonato. I never tempted her with word too large, but as a brother to this sister, showed bashful sincerity and comely love. -CLAUDIO *Means: â€Å"I know what your are going to say. If I have slept with her, you’ll say she only did it because I was going to be her husband, so it’s not really a sin. No, Leonato. I never tempted her to go too far, but treated her with sweetness and gentle love like a brother with his sister. † 50-55 â€Å"Out on thee, seeming! I will write against it. You seem to me as Dian in her orb, As chaste as is the bud ere to be blown; but you are more interperate in your blood than venus, or those pampered animals that rage in savage sensuality. † -CLAUDIO *Means: â€Å"Get lost, fake! Here is my argument. You act al sweet and innocent but you are really a right tart. † 58-60 â€Å"What should I speak? I stand dishonoured, that you have gone about to link my dear friend to a common stale. † –DON PEDRO *Means: â€Å"What should I say? I’ve been dishonoured by trying to put my friend together with a common slut. † 71-72 â€Å"Oh God defend me, how am I beset! What kind of catechising call you this? † –HERO 74-75 â€Å"Is it not Hero? Who can blot that name with any just reproach? *Means: â€Å"Everyone’s turned on me! Why are you interrogating me like this? Who can harm my reputation with any truthful accusation? 90-93 â€Å"There is not chastity enough in language without offence to utter them? Thus, pretty lady, I am sorry for thy much misgovernement† –DON JOHN *Means: â€Å"There isn’t pure enough language to describe it without causing offence. I’m sorry, pretty lady, that you have behaved so badly. † 98-101 â€Å"For thee I’ll lock up all the gates of love, and on my eyelids shall conjecture hang, to turn all beauty into thoughts of harm, and never shall it more be gracious. † *Means: â€Å"Because of you, I’ll close my heart and make myself suspicious of everything I see. † What happens after this passage and in the next one? Beatrice fears Hero is dead. Leonato wishes her dead and regrets he ever had a daughter. Benedick asks Beatrice if she had kept Hero company that night. When Beatrice says no, Leonato is immediately convinced of his daughters guilt and wishes her dead. Friar Francis believes Hero is innocent. Hero is prepared to suffer torture and death if proven guilty. Benedick begins to suspect his friends have been deceived. Leonato swears revenge if this is true. Friar Francis advises them to pretend that Hero has died. Friar Francis outlines what he hopes will be the healing effect on Claudio when he hears of Hero’s ‘death. ’ If his plan fails, Hero will have to enter a nunnery. Benedick advises Leonato to accept Friar Francis’s advice and promises secrecy. Quotes from this passage: 106-109 â€Å"O fate! Take not away thy heavy hand. Death is the fairest cover for her shame that may be wished away. † –LEONATO *Means: â€Å"Don’t take away this heavy blow fate! Death is the best way to hide her shame that we can hope for. † 114-122 â€Å" Could she here deny the story that is printed in her blood? Do not live, Hero, do not ope thine eyes, For did I think thou wouldst not quickly die, thought I thy spirts were stronger than thy shames myself would, on the rearward of reproaches strike at thy life. Grieved I, I had but one? Child I for that frugal nature’s frame? O, one too much by thee! †-Leonato *Means: â€Å"Can she deny the story that her blushes have already proved? Don’t live, Hero, don’t open your eyes, for if I thought you were not about to die, If I thought you will to live was stronger than your sense of shame, I would kill you myself, not caring what other people thought. Was I upset that I had only one child? Did I compain at nature for not being more generous? Oh, you are one child to many! † 157-163 â€Å"Call me a fool; trust not my reading nor my observations, which with experimental seal doth warrant the tenor of my book; trust not my age, my reverence, calling, nor divinity, if this sweet lady lie not guiltless here under some biting error† *Means: The Friar thinks Hero is innocent, and is willing to stake his reputation on it. 170-177 â€Å"They know that do accuse me; I know none. If I know more of any man alive than that which maiden modesty doth warrant, Let all my sins lack mercy! O my father, prove you that any man with me conversed at hours unmeet, or that I yesternight maintained the change of words with any creature, refuse me, hate me, torture me to death! † -HERO *Means: â€Å"If I know more of any man alive than a modest virgin should, than let me be damned! Prove that any man spoke with me at an unsuitable hour or that I exchanged words with anybody at all than you can disown me and kill me. † 95-201 â€Å" Your daughter here the princes left for dead, let her awhile be secretly kept in, and publish that she is dead indeed; maintain a mourning ostentation and on your family’s old monument hang mournful epitaphs and do all rites that appertain unto a burial. † –FRIAR *Means: Trick them into believing Hero is dead. 119-120 â€Å"And every lovely organ of her life shall come appareled in more precious habit. † à ¢â‚¬â€œ FRIAR *Means: â€Å"and everything that was lovely about her life will seem even more precious. † 224-224 â€Å"Then shall he mourn, if ever love had interest in his liver. *Means: â€Å"Then, if he has ever had true feelings of love, he will mourn. † 230-235 â€Å"But if all aim but this be leveled false, the supposition of the lady’s death, will quench the wonder of her infamy. And if it sort not well, you may conceal her, as best befits her wounded reputation, in some reclusive and religious life.. † *Means: But even if the whole plan comes to nothing, at least her supposed death will distract people from the scandal. If the plan doesn’t work you can hide her in a convent. † 242-243 â€Å"Being that I flow in grief, the smallest twine may lead me. *Means: â€Å"I’m so upset ill do whatever I am told. † What happens after this passage and in the next one? Alone with Beatrice, he asks how he can help to prove Heroâ₠¬â„¢s innocence and tells Beatrice that he loves her. Beatrice reluctantly admits that she loves Benedick. He swears he will do anything to prove his love for her, but refuses her order to Kill Claudio. Beatrice wishes she were a man so she could take revenge herself. Beatrice despairs of finding a man brave enough to take up her cause. Benedick is convinced by her belief that Hero has been wronged and determines to challenge Claudio. Quotes from this passage: 59 â€Å"I do love nothing in the world so well as you, is not that strange† –Benedick 260 â€Å"As strange as the thing I know not: it were as possible for me to say, I loved nothing so well as you.. † –Beatrice 291-295 â€Å"Is a’not approved in the height a villain, that hath slandered, scorned, dishonoured my kinswoman? O that I were a man! What, bear her in hand until they come to take hands, and then, with public accusation, uncovered slander, unmitigated rancour.. † -Beatrice *M eans: â€Å"Hasn’t he been proved to be a total villain, who has lied about and dishonoured my relative, Hero? Oh I wish I was a man! I mean, he led her on right until the last minute and then told awful lies about her. † 313-316 â€Å"Enough, I am engaged, I will challenge him, I will kiss your hand, and so I leave you: by this hand, Claudio shall render me a dear account : as you hear of me, so think of me : go comfort your cousin, I must say she is dead and so farewell. † *Means: Claudio will pay for what he has done and Benedick shows his loyalties now lie with Beatrice. What happens after this passage? Act 4 Scene 2 begins and Dogberry, Verges and the Sexton take evidence from Borachio and Conrade. Dogberry commences his blundering cross- examination. Sexton instructs Dogberry to summon the Watch, who confirm that they overhead Borachio confess his crime. The Sexton reveals that Hero has since died and Don John secretly fled. Act 5 Scene 1 lines 108-173 (Benedick challenges Claudio) What happens before this passage? Antonio attempts to console his brother, but the loss of his daughter’s reputation continues to hit Leonato hard. Only a man who has suffered as he has is entitled to offer him counsel. As Leonato’s mind turns to thoughts of revenge, the sight of Claudio and Don Pedro hurrying past, apparently unconcerned about the grief they have caused quickly arouses anger. Despite his age, Leonato challenges Claudio to single combat, but Claudio refuses to fight a duel with the old man. Then Antonio challenges Claudio so fiercely that even Leonato is surprised. What happens during the passage? Don Pedro maintains his belief that Claudio was correct in his accusation of Hero. As the two old men depart, still rumbling angrily, a grimly determined Benedick arrives on the scene. Don Pedro and Claudio welcome Benedick’s arrival as much needed light relief. The deadly serious Benedick, unmoved by their mockery, challenges Claudio for causing the death of Hero. Benedick resigns from Don Pedro’s service. He informs the prince that Don John has fled and accuses his former friends of bringing about the death of Hero. Don John’s men are brought in under guard. Quotes from this passage: 112 â€Å"We had like to have had our two noses snapped of with two old men without teeth. † –Claudio 137-140 â€Å"You are a villain. I jest not; I will make it good how you dare. Do me right, or I will protest your cowardice. You have killed a sweet lady and her death shall fall heavy on you. Let me hear from you. †-Benedick *Means: I’m not joking, I’ll fight you over this however you like, with whatever weapons you dare to use and whatever time you dare to fight. You’ll meet my challenge or I’ll call you are coward. You have killed a sweet lady and you will pay for it† 166-170 â€Å"Fare you well, boy, you know my mind, I will leave you now to your gossip-like humor: you break jests as bragg arts do their blades, which God be thanked hurt not :my lord for your many courtesies I thank you: I must discontinue your company.. † *Means: â€Å"So long, boy, you know what I think. I’ll leave you to your gossiply jokes. You make jokes like bragging fools who break their swordblade-neither of them hurts a bit, thank God. My Lord I thank you for your kind treatment. I can have nothing more to do with you. Act 5 Scene 1 lines 269-292 (Borachio/Dogberry) What happens after the passage and before the next one? (Act 5 Scene 1 lines 269-292) As Dogberry begins his repetitive ad garbled account of the trail, Don Pedro questions Borachio, who immediately and shamefacedly confesses the whole plot to disgrace Hero. Leonato returns. Claudio and the prince, full of remose, beg to be able to make amends. Leonato orders Claudio to mourn Hero’s death that night at her tomb and later marry his niece. What happens in the passage? Borachio assures Leonato of Margarets’s innocence in the whole affair. Dogberry leaves, still very much concerned that it should be recorded in writing that he has been called an ass. Quotes from the passage: Act 5 Scene 2 Lines 32-end (Love between Beatrice and Benedick ) What happens after this passage and before the next one? (Act 5 Scene 2 Lines 32-end ) Benedick seeks Margaret’s Help in arranging a meeting with Beatrice. As he awaits Beatrice’s arrival, he attempts a love song and laments his inability to express his love in rhyme. What happens in the passage? Benedick tells Beatrice that he has challenged Claudio and then asks her how she first fell in love with him. She in turn asks Benedick how he first fell in love with her. As Benedick and Beatrice talk, Ursula comes rushing in with news that Don John’s plot has been discovered and Hero’s good name is restored. All three leave in haste for Leonato’s house. Quotes from this passage: 57-60 â€Å"An old, an old instance, Beatrice, that live in the time of good neighbours. If a man do not erect in this age his own tom ere he dies, he shall live no longer in monument than the bell rings and the widow weeps. † –Benedick *Means: â€Å"That’s an example from the old days Beatrice, when people were kinder to eachother. Nowadays if a man doesn’t build his own tomb before he dies hell be forgotten as soon as his funeral is over. † 73-75 â€Å"Yonders old coil at home. It is proved my Lady Hero hath been falsely accused, the prince and Claudio mightily abused, and Don John is the author of all, who is fled and gone. Will you come presently? † -URSULA *Means: Theres a right old hoo ha going on in the house. It’s been proved that it was all lies about Hero, that Don Perdro and Claudio have fallen for a dirty trick done by Don John and he has done a runner. Come in now! † What happens after this passage? In a sombre ceremony, Claudio fulfills the first part of his promise. A tribute to Hero is read out, a solemn hym is sung and a vow made to commemorate the anniversary of her death. As dawn breaks, Don Pedro and Claudio leave to dress suitably for the marriage. Scene 4 opens with Leonato sending the women to mask themselves in readiness for the ceremony. The wedding scene concludes the play.